VIP:1级
The 8,100km² KG-DWN-98 / l (KG-D6) block lies in the Krishna-Godavari basin of the Bay of Bengal on India’s east coast. The seabed slopes sharply causing water depths to vary between 700m (2,297ft) and 1,700m (5,577ft).The field is operated by Reliance Industries (90%) on behalf of Niko Resources (10%). Block reserves have been put at 14,000bn cubic feet of gas and 140m barrels of oil.The first three discoveries (Dhirubhai-1, Dhirubhai-2 and Dhirubhai-3) have estimated gas reserves of approximately eight trillion cubic feet. In March 2003 the deepwater rig Discover 534 discovered Dhirubhai-4, which has in-place gas volumes of 1,700 billion standard cubic feet (bcf).In February 2006 Reliance announced that it had encountered the thickest hydrocarbon column to date, the MA-2 well (2km from the MA-1 discovery well) reaching a depth of about 3.6km and penetrating a gross hydrocarbon column of 194m, which consisted of 170m of gas / condensate (53°API) and 24m of oil (42°API).The project is expected to eventually cost over $10bn. Production of crude oil from the block’s MA field started in September 2008 while gas production from the Dhirubhai-1 (D1) and Dhirubhai-3 (D3) fields began in April 2009.The initial rate of production from the MA field is 5,000bpd and reached 33,000bpd by May 2010. In July 2010 54 million cubic metres per day of natural gas was produced from the D1 and D3 fields. By 2011 the oil and gas peak production from KD-D6 is expected to reach 140,000bopd and 2.82 billion cubic feet per day. #KG-D6 contracts#Work at the KG-D6 field included the development of at least 18 production wells, with subsea equipment, pipelines, a riser platform and an onshore terminal. In January 2006 Reliance awarded the overall EPCM contract for the project to US-based Bechtel.This fast-track development involved one of the biggest and most complex underwater installation campaigns ever. Aker Kvaerner Subsea was responsible for the complete subsea production system in a $400m engineering, procurement and construction (EPC) contract.Because of the high flowrate potential the 55t trees have a 127mm and 178mm bore. The subsea contract was based on 19 subsea trees tied into six six-slot production manifolds each weighing 225t. The longest tieback is 6.4km. From these manifolds, production flows through in-field pipelines to the 370t pipeline end manifold (PLEM). The longest manifold tieback is 6.8km. The PLEM was designed to accept additional pipeline tie-ins.The umbilical distribution hub weighs 170t and there are three 110t subsea distribution assemblies. The 32 lengths of steel-tube umbilical total 101km, there is 57km of electric power cable and a comprehensive subsea control system.A pair of 10km 24in production lines link the PLEM to a control and riser platform (CRP) located in 100m of water. Compression facilities will ease the anticipated reservoir pressures drop up to three years after start-up. Gas exports will use three 24in lines running 25km from the CRP platform to shore where the gas will be routed to the offshore terminal at Kakinada. The MEG used to prevent hydrates will be reprocessed in a closed loop system provided by Aker Kvaerner.#KG-D4 platform jacket#The platform jacket was manufactured as part of an engineering, procurement, construction, and installation contract by J Ray McDermott. The 9,015t jacket was built at J Ray’s fabrication facility in Morgan City, Louisiana, with the piles and topsides fabricated at the company’s Jebel Ali facility in the United Arab Emirates.The jacket and cargo barge were loaded onto a fast transport vessel (FTV) at Pascagoula, Mississippi, for a 46-day journey through the Suez Canal to the marine and fabrication base on Batam Island, Indonesia. The jacket and cargo barge were then towed for approximately 12 days to India.DeepOcean won a $166m three-year contract to provide a multipurpose subsea support vessel and related services. REM Etive was deployed under a commercial agreement between DeepOcean and TS Marine to support development.The vessel is being used for installation, commissioning and inspection / maintenance / repairs and is equipped with two work-class ROVs, crane capacity and an active heave compensated winch system.In June 2008 Reliance began conceptual studies for the development of another nine natural gas discoveries near the D1 and D3 gas fields. The satellite discoveries are likely to be tied to the production facilities for D1 and D3.In December 2009 a development plan for four satellite discoveries was submitted to the government. A development plan for all the discoveries made in the block is being conceptualised.